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Creating Your Own Exception Classes

When faced with choosing the type of exception to throw, you can either use one written by someone else—the Java platform provides a lot of exception classes that you can use—or you can write one of your own. You should write your own exception classes if you answer yes to any of the following questions. Otherwise, you can probably use someone else’s.

• Do you need an exception type that isn’t represented by those in the Java platform?
• Would it help your users if they could differentiate your exceptions from those thrown by classes written by other vendors?
• Does your code throw more than one related exception?
• If you use someone else’s exceptions, will your users have access to those exceptions? A similar question is, should your package be independent and self-contained?

Suppose you are writing a linked list class that you're planning to distribute as freeware. Your linked list class supports the following methods, among others:

objectAt(int n)

Returns the object in the nth position in the list. Throws an exception if the argument is less than 0 or larger than the number of objects currently in the list.

firstObject()

Returns the first object in the list. Throws an exception if the list contains no objects.

indexOf(Object o)

Searches the list for the specified Object and returns its position in the list. Throws an exception if the object passed into the method is not in the list.

The linked list class can throw multiple exceptions, and it would be convenient to be able to catch all exceptions thrown by the linked list with one exception handler. Also, if you plan to distribute your linked list in a package, all related code should be packaged together. Thus, the linked list should provide its own set of exception classes.

The next figure illustrates one possible class hierarchy for the exceptions thrown by the linked list.

Choosing a Superclass

Any Exception subclass can be used as the parent class of LinkedListException. However, a quick perusal of those subclasses shows that they are inappropriate because they are either too specialized or completely unrelated to LinkedListException. Therefore, the parent class of LinkedListException should be Exception.

Most applets and applications that you write will throw objects that are Exceptions. Errors are normally used for serious, hard errors in the system, such as those that prevent the Java Virtual Machine from running.

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Note: For readable code, it’s good practice to append the string Exception to the names of all classes that inherit (directly or indirectly) from the Exception class.

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